Skin brightening therapies also attempt to make the skin appear more even and more radiant by lessening hyperpigmentation. This is due to increased skin tanning, which is caused by an increase in melanin, the pigment involved in skin colour. Crucial symptoms are post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), which follows skin injury. Another easy target is sunspots or solar lentigines, or age spots. Brightening methods treat the hormonal condition melasma, which appears as brown patches. There are also treatments for general uneven skin tone and to fight off dull or tired complexion. The primary outcome is an even-looking skin with decreased dark spots. This causes enhanced radiance and glowing skin. Many whitening methods also improve the skin tone in the process of exfoliating the skin. Agents such as retinoids have even been shown to reduce the presence of fine lines. Finally, this allows clearer, brighter skin to improve self-esteem and confidence.